Multiethnic coalitions in Africa: business financing of opposition election campaigns
In: Cambridge studies in comparative politics
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In: Cambridge studies in comparative politics
World Affairs Online
In: World politics: a quarterly journal of international relations, Band 65, Heft 2, S. 233-272
ISSN: 1086-3338
Under what conditions can opposition politicians with ethnic constituencies form electoral coalitions? In Africa's patronage-based political systems, incumbents form coalitions by using state resources to secure the endorsement of politicians from other ethnic groups. Opposition politicians, however, must rely on private resources to do the same. This article presents a political economy theory to explain how the relative autonomy of business from state-controlled capital influences the formation of multiethnic opposition coalitions. It shows that the opposition is unlikely to coalesce across ethnic cleavages where incumbents use their influence over banking and credit to command the political allegiance of business—the largest potential funder of opposition in poor countries. Liberalizing financial reforms, in freeing business to diversify political contributions without fear of reprisal, enable opposition politicians to access the resources needed to mimic the incumbent's pecuniary coalition-building strategy. A binomial logistic regression analysis of executive elections held across Africa between 1990 and 2005 corroborates the theoretical claim: greater financial autonomy for business—as proxied by the number of commercial banks and the provision of credit to the private sector—significantly increases the likelihood of multiethnic opposition coalitions being formed.
In: World politics: a quarterly journal of international relations, Band 65, Heft 2, S. 233-272
ISSN: 0043-8871
Under what conditions can opposition politicians with ethnic constituencies form electoral coalitions? In Africa's patronage-based political systems, incumbents form coalitions by using state resources to secure the endorsement of politicians from other ethnic groups. Opposition politicians, however, must rely on private resources to do the same. This article presents a political economy theory to explain how the relative autonomy of business from state-controlled capital influences the formation of multiethnic opposition coalitions. It shows that the opposition is unlikely to coalesce across ethnic cleavages where incumbents use their influence over banking and credit to command the political allegiance of business-the largest potential funder of opposition in poor countries. Liberalizing financial reforms, in freeing business to diversify political contributions without fear of reprisal, enable opposition politicians to access the resources needed to mimic the incumbent's pecuniary coalition-building strategy. A binomial logistic regression analysis of executive elections held across Africa between 1990 and 2005 corroborates the theoretical claim: greater financial autonomy for business-as proxied by the number of commercial banks and the provision of credit to the private sector-significantly increases the likelihood of multiethnic opposition coalitions being formed. (World Politics / SWP)
World Affairs Online
In: Comparative politics, Band 45, Heft 2, S. 147-168
ISSN: 0010-4159
World Affairs Online
In: Comparative politics, Band 45, Heft 2, S. 147-168
ISSN: 2151-6227
In: Perspectives on politics, Band 9, Heft 2, S. 487-489
ISSN: 1541-0986
In: Perspectives on politics: a political science public sphere, Band 9, Heft 2, S. 487-489
ISSN: 1537-5927
In: Perspectives on politics: a political science public sphere, Band 9, Heft 2, S. 487-489
ISSN: 1537-5927
In: Comparative political studies: CPS, Band 42, Heft 10, S. 1339-1362
ISSN: 0010-4140
World Affairs Online
In: Comparative political studies: CPS, Band 42, Heft 10, S. 1339-1362
ISSN: 1552-3829
Political conflict across Africa is often linked to the pervasive use of patronage in retaining control of the state. However, few sources of data have been available to systematically examine the relationship between a leader's patronage strategies and the likelihood of an extraconstitutional change in power. This article employs ministerial appointments to the cabinet as a proxy for changes in the size of a leader's patronage coalition. With time-series cross-section data on 40 African countries, this study shows that the size of cabinets varies systematically according to regime type, resource constraints, ethnic fractionalization, and total population. It then shows that African leaders extend their tenure in office by expanding their patronage coalition through cabinet appointments. A proportional hazards model of regime duration indicates that cabinet expansion lowers the probability of a leader's being deposed through a coup. The appointment of one additional minister to the cabinet lowers a leader's coup risk by a greater extent than does a 1-percentage-point increase in economic growth.
In: Northeast African studies, Band 10, Heft 1, S. 115-144
ISSN: 1535-6574
In: Journal of democracy, Band 27, Heft 1, S. 76-88
ISSN: 1045-5736
World Affairs Online
In: Journal of democracy, Band 27, Heft 1, S. 76-88
ISSN: 1086-3214
Abstract: Ethiopia's 2015 elections confirm that the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)—having won 100 percent of parliamentary seats—has chosen to entrench an authoritarian system. We argue that this total election victory was meant as a signal to party cadres that defection is not tolerated. Our analysis of intra-regime dynamics shows how the EPRDF has responded to the death of Meles Zenawi through greater reliance on trusted party stalwarts for high-level posts. We conclude that growing demands from lower-level party cadres threaten to transform the ruling party from a disciplined national organization into a patronage-based alliance of ethnic factions.
In: The journal of politics: JOP, S. 000-000
ISSN: 1468-2508
In: ASA 2015 Annual Meeting Paper
SSRN
Working paper